Posted in

35+ Synonyms for Challenged: Meaning, Examples & Best Uses

synonyms for challenged

Quick Answer: The best synonyms for challenged are questioned, disputed, contested, confronted, tested, opposed, dared, provoked, strained, and hindered. Use questioned when someone asks whether a claim is correct, disputed when a fact or decision is rejected, and contested in formal or legal contexts. Confronted and faced work well for difficulties, while tested and strained describe pressure on skills, patience, or resources. Dared and provoked are suitable when challenged means invited or pushed into action.

Pronunciation and Word Details

Word: Challenged.

Pronunciation: /ˈtʃæl.ɪndʒd/

Part of Speech: Verb and adjective.

Meaning: Questioned, tested, confronted, or placed in a difficult situation.

US Pronunciation:

UK Pronunciation:

What Does “Challenged” Mean?

Challenged means questioned, tested, confronted, or invited to prove an ability, claim, belief, or position.

As a verb, challenged is the past tense and past participle form of challenge. It often describes an action in which someone questioned an idea, opposed a decision, tested another person, or faced a difficult task.

Questioning Context: Someone challenged a claim by asking for proof.

Competition Context: A player challenged the champion to another match.

Difficulty Context: The complex assignment challenged the entire class.

Opposition Context: Residents challenged the proposed rule.

Personal Ability Context: The activity challenged her patience and concentration.

As an adjective, challenged can describe someone or something experiencing difficulty. However, this use should be specific and respectful. Instead of using a vague expression about a person, choose wording that clearly explains the actual difficulty, condition, or limitation.

Meaning, Tone, and Context of “Challenged”

Challenged is generally a neutral word, but its tone changes according to context.

Formal Tone: In reports, essays, debates, and legal discussions, challenged often means questioned, disputed, or contested.

Conversational Tone: In everyday speech, challenged may mean tested, pushed, or placed in a difficult situation.

Competitive Tone: In sports, games, and contests, it can mean dared or invited to compete.

Strong Tone: When someone challenges authority, a belief, or a decision, the word suggests open opposition or disagreement.

Positive Tone: Challenged can describe an experience that encourages growth, effort, learning, or improvement.

Negative Tone: It may also describe pressure, struggle, restriction, or difficulty.

Academic Context: A researcher may challenge an accepted theory.

Workplace Context: A demanding project may challenge a team’s skills and resources.

Personal Context: A difficult experience may challenge someone emotionally or mentally.

Because challenged has several meanings, the best synonym depends on whether the sentence refers to disagreement, difficulty, competition, pressure, or limitation.

When and How to Use “Challenged”

For Questioning a Claim

Use challenged when someone asks whether a statement, belief, result, or assumption is correct.

Example: The editor challenged the accuracy of the report.

For Opposing a Decision

Use challenged when someone formally or openly disagrees with a rule, decision, policy, or judgment.

Example: The residents challenged the decision at the public meeting.

For Facing Difficulty

Use challenged when a person, group, or system experiences a demanding situation.

Example: The unexpected delay challenged the team’s ability to meet the deadline.

For Testing Ability

Use challenged when an activity requires greater skill, effort, patience, or knowledge.

Example: The advanced puzzle challenged even the most experienced participants.

For Inviting Competition

Use challenged when one person asks another person to compete.

Example: The young player challenged the champion to a match.

For Encouraging Growth

Use challenged when a task pushes someone beyond a familiar or comfortable level.

Example: The new role challenged her to improve her communication skills.

For Expressing Doubt

Use challenged when someone questions the truth, value, authority, or reliability of something.

Example: Several experts challenged the assumption behind the proposal.

For Describing Pressure

Use challenged when time, money, patience, resources, or abilities are placed under strain.

Example: The sudden increase in demand challenged the available resources.

Best Synonyms for Challenged

Questioned

Synonym: Questioned means asked whether something was true, correct, reasonable, or acceptable.

Example: The reviewer questioned the accuracy of the conclusion.

Disputed

Synonym: Disputed means disagreed with a statement, fact, result, ownership claim, or decision.

Example: The witness disputed the version of events presented in the report.

Contested

Synonym: Contested means formally opposed, debated, or competed for.

Example: The organization contested the ruling.

Confronted

Synonym: Confronted means faced a problem, person, truth, or difficult situation directly.

Example: The manager confronted several unexpected problems.

Tested

Synonym: Tested means examined the strength, quality, ability, patience, or reliability of something.

Example: The demanding project tested the team’s creativity.

Opposed

Synonym: Opposed means expressed disagreement with an idea, plan, decision, or authority.

Example: Several members opposed the proposed change.

Dared

Synonym: Dared means invited someone to perform a difficult, risky, or bold action.

Example: His friend dared him to enter the competition.

Provoked

Synonym: Provoked means caused or encouraged a strong reaction, argument, or response.

Example: The speaker’s statement provoked a heated discussion.

Strained

Synonym: Strained means placed under pressure or pushed close to a limit.

Example: The additional costs strained the department’s budget.

Hindered

Synonym: Hindered means made progress, movement, or success more difficult.

Example: Poor communication hindered the team’s progress.

50 Synonyms for Challenged with Short Meanings

  1. Questioned: Asked whether something was true, correct, or reasonable.
  2. Disputed: Disagreed with a fact, claim, result, or decision.
  3. Contested: Formally opposed, debated, or competed for something.
  4. Opposed: Expressed disagreement with an idea, action, or proposal.
  5. Contradicted: Stated the opposite of what someone else claimed.
  6. Denied: Refused to accept or admit that something was true.
  7. Doubted: Felt uncertain about the truth or reliability of something.
  8. Queried: Asked about something that seemed uncertain or incorrect.
  9. Scrutinized: Examined something with close and careful attention.
  10. Examined: Looked at something carefully to judge its quality or truth.
  11. Tested: Checked ability, strength, patience, quality, or reliability.
  12. Tried: Put someone or something through a demanding experience.
  13. Probed: Investigated a subject deeply by asking detailed questions.
  14. Assessed: Evaluated the quality, ability, condition, or importance of something.
  15. Evaluated: Judged something carefully according to evidence or standards.
  16. Confronted: Faced a person, issue, truth, or difficulty directly.
  17. Faced: Dealt with a situation that required attention or courage.
  18. Encountered: Came across a problem, obstacle, or unexpected situation.
  19. Met: Came into contact with a difficulty, demand, or opposition.
  20. Tackled: Made a determined effort to deal with a problem.
  21. Addressed: Took action to discuss, manage, or solve an issue.
  22. Handled: Managed a situation, problem, or responsibility.
  23. Dealt With: Took action to manage a difficult matter.
  24. Grappled With: Struggled seriously to understand or solve something.
  25. Wrestled With: Experienced difficulty while making a decision or solving a problem.
  26. Struggled With: Found something difficult to manage, understand, or complete.
  27. Battled: Fought strongly against a problem, condition, or opponent.
  28. Resisted: Refused to accept, follow, or be controlled by something.
  29. Defied: Openly refused to obey, accept, or respect something.
  30. Dared: Invited someone to attempt a bold or difficult action.
  31. Provoked: Caused or encouraged a strong reaction or confrontation.
  32. Confronted With: Placed in a situation requiring a difficult response.
  33. Called Out: Publicly questioned or criticized a statement or action.
  34. Called Into Question: Caused something to appear doubtful or unreliable.
  35. Objected To: Expressed disagreement or disapproval.
  36. Took Issue With: Disagreed with a statement, action, or decision.
  37. Argued Against: Presented reasons for rejecting an idea or proposal.
  38. Pushed Back On: Resisted or disagreed with a request, claim, or decision.
  39. Put to the Test: Required someone or something to prove ability or strength.
  40. Put Under Pressure: Created a situation involving stress or strong demands.
  41. Stretched: Pushed abilities, resources, or patience beyond a normal level.
  42. Strained: Placed excessive pressure on strength, patience, or resources.
  43. Taxed: Required great effort from someone’s abilities or resources.
  44. Pressured: Created stress or encouraged someone to act.
  45. Hindered: Made progress or success more difficult.
  46. Hampered: Restricted movement, development, or achievement.
  47. Burdened: Gave someone a heavy duty, worry, or responsibility.
  48. Troubled: Caused worry, difficulty, or emotional concern.
  49. Puzzled: Made someone feel confused or uncertain.
  50. Stumped: Presented a question or problem that was difficult to solve.

Read Also:

Synonyms for Reasonable

synonyms for reasonable

Synonyms for Challenged by Context

When Challenged Means Questioned

When challenged refers to doubt about a claim, statement, belief, or conclusion, use questioned, doubted, queried, scrutinized, or called into question.

Questioned Example: The committee questioned the accuracy of the figures.

Doubted Example: Several readers doubted the writer’s conclusion.

Scrutinized Example: The evidence was scrutinized before a decision was made.

Called Into Question Example: The new information called the earlier explanation into question.

When Challenged Means Disputed or Opposed

When challenged describes disagreement with a decision, rule, claim, or authority, use disputed, contested, opposed, contradicted, resisted, or objected to.

Disputed Example: The customer disputed the additional charge.

Contested Example: The candidate contested the final result.

Opposed Example: Many employees opposed the proposed schedule.

Resisted Example: The group resisted the sudden change.

When Challenged Means Tested

When challenged refers to testing someone’s skill, knowledge, courage, patience, or strength, use tested, tried, stretched, strained, taxed, or put to the test.

Tested Example: The difficult assignment tested his research skills.

Stretched Example: The new responsibilities stretched her abilities.

Taxed Example: The long journey taxed everyone’s patience.

Put to the Test Example: The emergency put the safety system to the test.

When Challenged Means Faced With Difficulty

When challenged means dealing with a problem, demand, or obstacle, use confronted, faced, encountered, tackled, grappled with, or struggled with.

Confronted Example: The team confronted an unexpected technical issue.

Faced Example: The family faced a difficult decision.

Tackled Example: The students tackled the complex problem together.

Grappled With Example: The committee grappled with several competing priorities.

When Challenged Means Dared

When challenged means invited or pushed to perform an action, use dared, provoked, defied, called out, or invited to compete.

Dared Example: She dared her opponent to prove the claim.

Provoked Example: His remarks provoked an immediate response.

Called Out Example: The speaker called out those who had ignored the problem.

When Challenged Means Limited or Hindered

When challenged describes progress made difficult by obstacles, demands, or restricted resources, use hindered, hampered, burdened, strained, or pressured.

Hindered Example: Limited information hindered the investigation.

Hampered Example: Heavy rain hampered the rescue effort.

Burdened Example: The team was burdened with unnecessary paperwork.

Pressured Example: The department felt pressured by the approaching deadline.

Another Word for Challenged

The best single replacement for challenged is often questioned when the sentence concerns a claim, belief, statement, decision, or assumption.

However, the most accurate alternative depends on the context. Use tested for ability, confronted for difficulty, contested for formal opposition, and dared for an invitation to compete or act boldly.

Original: The researcher challenged the traditional explanation.

Better Option: The researcher questioned the traditional explanation.

Original: The final assignment challenged the students.

Better Option: The final assignment tested the students.

Original: The organization challenged the decision.

Better Option: The organization contested the decision.

Original: The unexpected crisis challenged the leadership team.

Better Option: The unexpected crisis tested the leadership team.

When Not to Use “Challenged”

Do not use challenged when a more precise word would make the sentence easier to understand.

When the Type of Challenge Is Unclear

Challenged can refer to disagreement, testing, competition, difficulty, or limitation. Without enough context, the reader may not understand the intended meaning.

Weak: The manager was challenged during the meeting.

Better: The manager’s decision was questioned during the meeting.

When Formal Opposition Is Intended

In legal, political, academic, or official writing, contested or disputed may be more precise.

Weak: The organization challenged the ruling.

Better: The organization formally contested the ruling.

When Describing a Simple Difficulty

When someone merely experienced a problem, faced or struggled with may sound more natural.

Weak: She was challenged by the instructions.

Better: She struggled to understand the instructions.

When Describing Resource Pressure

Use strained, stretched, or taxed when the sentence concerns money, time, energy, patience, or supplies.

Weak: The increased demand challenged the budget.

Better: The increased demand strained the budget.

When Referring to a Person’s Condition

Avoid using challenged as a vague label for a person. It may sound unclear, outdated, or disrespectful when a specific and neutral description is available.

Weak: He is physically challenged.

Better: He has a mobility disability.

Specific wording is usually clearer because it describes the actual situation without reducing a person to a vague label.

When Repetition Weakens the Writing

Repeated use of challenged can make a paragraph sound general and monotonous.

Weak: The decision was challenged, the evidence was challenged, and the entire process was challenged.

Better: The decision was contested, the evidence was questioned, and the entire process was scrutinized.

Words Commonly Confused With Challenged

Challenged vs Questioned: Challenged can mean questioned, tested, opposed, or dared. Questioned specifically refers to asking whether something is true, correct, or acceptable.

Challenged vs Disputed: Challenged is broader. Disputed usually means directly disagreeing with a claim, fact, charge, result, or ownership right.

Challenged vs Contested: Challenged may be conversational or formal. Contested is more formal and is often used for decisions, elections, claims, legal matters, and competitions.

Challenged vs Confronted: Challenged can describe opposition or testing. Confronted usually means facing a difficult person, fact, issue, or situation directly.

Challenged vs Tested: Challenged may involve any form of difficulty or disagreement. Tested focuses on measuring strength, knowledge, patience, skill, or reliability.

Challenged vs Dared: Challenged may mean invited to compete, but it has several other meanings. Dared specifically means encouraged or invited to attempt something bold or risky.

Challenged vs Opposed: Challenged can involve questions, competition, or difficulty. Opposed clearly means disagreed with or resisted something.

Challenged vs Struggled: Challenged may describe what created difficulty. Struggled describes the effort made by the person experiencing the difficulty.

Challenged vs Provoked: Challenged can be neutral or positive. Provoked often suggests that someone caused a strong, angry, defensive, or emotional reaction.

Challenged vs Hindered: Challenged may encourage effort or growth. Hindered means that progress was restricted or made more difficult.

Which Synonym Should You Choose?

Choose questioned when writing about claims, assumptions, opinions, evidence, or accuracy.

Choose disputed when someone directly rejects a fact, charge, result, statement, or version of events.

Choose contested for formal writing about decisions, elections, legal claims, ownership, authority, or competition.

Choose opposed when describing clear disagreement with a proposal, action, policy, or belief.

Choose contradicted when one statement presents information that conflicts with another statement.

Choose confronted when someone faces a difficult person, truth, problem, or situation directly.

Choose faced in everyday conversation when describing a problem, risk, decision, or obstacle.

Choose tested when an experience measures skill, knowledge, patience, strength, or reliability.

Choose strained when demands place pressure on money, resources, relationships, patience, or physical ability.

Choose dared when someone invites another person to attempt something bold, difficult, or risky.

Choose provoked when an action or statement causes a strong reaction.

Choose hindered when an obstacle prevents or slows progress.

Choose grappled with in essays and reports when describing a serious effort to understand or solve a complex issue.

Choose pushed back on in casual or workplace conversation when describing resistance to a request, proposal, or claim.

Choose scrutinized in academic or professional writing when something receives careful and critical examination.

Real Life Examples of “Challenged” in Sentences

Original: The lawyer challenged the witness’s statement.

Better Option: The lawyer questioned the witness’s statement.

Original: The group challenged the final decision.

Better Option: The group contested the final decision.

Original: The complex assignment challenged the students.

Better Option: The complex assignment tested the students.

Original: The company was challenged by rising costs.

Better Option: The company was strained by rising costs.

Original: She challenged her friend to complete the puzzle.

Better Option: She dared her friend to complete the puzzle.

Original: The new evidence challenged the original theory.

Better Option: The new evidence called the original theory into question.

Original: The manager challenged the proposed schedule.

Better Option: The manager opposed the proposed schedule.

Original: The unexpected problem challenged the project team.

Better Option: The unexpected problem tested the project team.

Original: He felt challenged by the advanced instructions.

Better Option: He struggled with the advanced instructions.

Original: Limited resources challenged the department’s progress.

Better Option: Limited resources hindered the department’s progress.

Synonym Groups and Usage Differences

Questioning Group

Questioned, doubted, queried, scrutinized, and called into question relate to uncertainty about truth, accuracy, logic, or reliability.

Questioned is the most general option. Doubted expresses uncertainty. Scrutinized suggests close examination. Called into question means new information has made something seem less reliable.

Example: The missing evidence called the original conclusion into question.

Opposition Group

Disputed, contested, opposed, contradicted, resisted, and objected to express disagreement.

Disputed often concerns facts or claims. Contested suits formal decisions or results. Opposed describes clear disagreement. Contradicted refers to conflicting statements.

Example: Several members opposed the proposed change.

Difficulty Group

Faced, confronted, encountered, tackled, grappled with, and struggled with describe dealing with problems.

Faced is simple and neutral. Confronted sounds more direct. Tackled suggests active effort. Grappled with suggests a serious or prolonged struggle.

Example: The committee grappled with a complicated ethical question.

Testing Group

Tested, tried, stretched, strained, taxed, and put to the test refer to pressure on ability, patience, strength, or resources.

Tested is neutral. Stretched often suggests growth beyond a comfortable level. Strained and taxed suggest heavier pressure.

Example: The demanding schedule taxed everyone’s patience.

Competition Group

Dared, defied, called out, provoked, and invited to compete relate to confrontation or bold action.

Dared focuses on risk or courage. Defied involves open resistance. Provoked suggests causing a reaction.

Example: The champion was invited to compete against a younger opponent.

Restriction Group

Hindered, hampered, burdened, and pressured describe forces that make progress or performance more difficult.

Hindered and hampered focus on obstacles. Burdened emphasizes heavy responsibility. Pressured emphasizes stress or demands.

Example: A lack of reliable information hindered the investigation.

Antonyms of Challenged

The antonym of challenged depends on its meaning in a sentence.

Accepted: Recognized as true, valid, or satisfactory.

Agreed With: Expressed the same opinion or supported a statement.

Supported: Gave approval, evidence, or assistance.

Confirmed: Showed that something was correct or true.

Validated: Proved that a claim, result, or method was acceptable.

Endorsed: Publicly approved or supported an idea or person.

Approved: Officially accepted a plan, request, or decision.

Obeyed: Followed an instruction, rule, or authority.

Submitted: Accepted another person’s authority or decision.

Assisted: Made a task easier by providing help.

Enabled: Made an action, process, or achievement possible.

Facilitated: Helped something progress more easily.

Encouraged: Gave support, confidence, or motivation.

Simplified: Made something easier to understand or complete.

Relieved: Reduced pressure, difficulty, pain, or responsibility.

Comparison: Challenged vs Related Words

Challenged vs Questioned

Challenged is broader than questioned. It can refer to doubt, competition, difficulty, pressure, or opposition. Questioned specifically refers to asking whether something is correct or reasonable.

Example With Challenged: The discovery challenged the accepted theory.

Example With Questioned: The discovery questioned the accuracy of the accepted theory.

Challenged vs Disputed

Challenged may suggest general opposition. Disputed usually indicates direct disagreement over a fact, claim, result, payment, or account.

Example With Challenged: The customer challenged the additional fee.

Example With Disputed: The customer disputed the additional fee.

Challenged vs Contested

Challenged works in both formal and everyday contexts. Contested is more formal and is commonly used for rulings, results, claims, elections, and ownership.

Example With Challenged: The group challenged the ruling.

Example With Contested: The group formally contested the ruling.

Challenged vs Tested

Challenged may mean that something was difficult, questioned, or opposed. Tested specifically means that ability, quality, strength, or reliability was examined.

Example With Challenged: The assignment challenged the students.

Example With Tested: The assignment tested the students’ analytical skills.

Challenged vs Confronted

Challenged may describe an invitation to compete or a demand for proof. Confronted means facing a person, problem, truth, or situation directly.

Example With Challenged: The reporter challenged the official’s explanation.

Example With Confronted: The reporter confronted the official with new evidence.

Challenged vs Opposed

Challenged can involve questions or tests. Opposed always expresses disagreement or resistance.

Example With Challenged: Several employees challenged the new policy.

Example With Opposed: Several employees opposed the new policy.

Challenged vs Dared

Challenged has several meanings. Dared specifically refers to encouraging someone to attempt something risky, difficult, or bold.

Example With Challenged: She challenged him to speak before the audience.

Example With Dared: She dared him to speak before the audience.

Challenged vs Strained

Challenged is a broad description of difficulty. Strained emphasizes pressure on resources, patience, relationships, or physical capacity.

Example With Challenged: The sudden expenses challenged the budget.

Example With Strained: The sudden expenses strained the budget.

Challenged vs Hindered

Challenged may encourage greater effort or improvement. Hindered means that progress was slowed or blocked.

Example With Challenged: The difficult course challenged her abilities.

Example With Hindered: The lack of support hindered her progress.

Common Phrases and Expressions With Challenged

Challenged a Decision: Formally or openly opposed a decision.

Challenged an Assumption: Questioned an idea that people had accepted without proof.

Challenged a Claim: Asked whether a statement was true or valid.

Challenged the Evidence: Questioned the quality, accuracy, or relevance of evidence.

Challenged Authority: Opposed or questioned someone’s right to control or decide.

Challenged to Improve: Encouraged or pushed someone to develop greater ability.

Challenged to Compete: Invited someone to take part in a contest.

Challenged by Circumstances: Placed in difficulty because of events or conditions.

Challenged the Status Quo: Questioned established practices, beliefs, or systems.

Felt Challenged: Experienced a task as difficult, demanding, or stimulating.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Using Challenged Without Enough Context

The word has several meanings, so a vague sentence may confuse readers.

Unclear: The speaker was challenged.

Clear: The speaker’s claim was challenged by several audience members.

Choosing a Synonym With the Wrong Meaning

Questioned, tested, opposed, and dared are not interchangeable in every sentence.

Incorrect: The difficult exam opposed the students.

Correct: The difficult exam tested the students.

Confusing Challenged With Struggled

Challenged often describes the force or situation creating difficulty. Struggled describes the person’s effort or difficulty.

Less Natural: She challenged with the instructions.

Better: She struggled with the instructions.

Using Challenged Repeatedly

Too much repetition can make writing sound vague.

Repetitive: The policy was challenged because the evidence was challenged by a group that challenged the final decision.

Improved: The policy was opposed because the evidence was questioned by a group that contested the final decision.

Using an Overly Formal Synonym

Contested may sound unnecessarily formal in casual conversation.

Too Formal: I contested my friend’s opinion about the film.

Natural: I disagreed with my friend’s opinion about the film.

Using a Casual Phrase in Formal Writing

Pushed back on may be suitable in conversation or workplace communication, but opposed or disputed is often better in formal writing.

Casual: The researchers pushed back on the conclusion.

Formal: The researchers disputed the conclusion.

Using Challenged as a Vague Label

Avoid using challenged as a general label for a person when a respectful and accurate description is available.

Vague: The program supports challenged individuals.

Clear: The program supports people with mobility disabilities.

Confusing Difficulty With Opposition

A difficult task tests or strains a person. It does not usually dispute or oppose the person.

Incorrect: The project disputed the team’s abilities.

Correct: The project tested the team’s abilities.

Conclusion

The best synonyms for challenged depend on the intended meaning. Use questioned or disputed for claims and evidence, contested or opposed for formal disagreement, confronted or faced for difficult situations, and tested or strained for pressure on skills and resources. Dared works best when someone is invited to attempt something bold, while hindered describes restricted progress. Choosing among synonyms for challenged carefully makes each sentence clearer, more specific, and more natural for essays, reports, emails, and everyday conversations.

FAQs About Synonyms for Challenged

What Is the Best Synonym for Challenged?

Questioned is the best general synonym when challenged refers to a claim, belief, statement, or decision. Tested is better when it refers to ability or strength.

What Is a Formal Synonym for Challenged?

Contested is a strong formal synonym for challenged. It works well for rulings, results, claims, decisions, and official actions.

What Is Another Word for Feeling Challenged?

Struggling, pressured, tested, stretched, and overwhelmed may work, depending on the type and level of difficulty.

Can Challenged Mean Questioned?

Yes. Challenged often means questioned when someone doubts the truth, accuracy, authority, or logic of something.

What Is a Synonym for Challenged in an Essay?

Questioned, disputed, contested, scrutinized, confronted, and examined are useful essay alternatives. Select the word that matches the exact context.

What Is a Positive Synonym for Challenged?

Stimulated, tested, stretched, and encouraged to improve can express a positive challenge that supports learning or personal growth.

Is Challenged the Same as Opposed?

Not always. Opposed specifically means disagreed with or resisted. Challenged can also mean questioned, tested, confronted, or invited to compete.

I am Lauren E. Mitchell, the author behind Synonym Grammar. I create guides that explain synonyms, grammar usage, meanings, examples, antonyms, and word differences in a clear and practical way. My aim is to help readers choose words that match the sentence, tone, and purpose.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *